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a Department of Biology and
b Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
The H19 gene is imprinted with preferential expression from the maternal allele. The putative imprinting control region for this locus is hypermethylated on the repressed paternal allele. Although maternal-specific expression of H19 is observed in mouse blastocysts that develop in vivo, biallelic expression has been documented in embryos and embryonic stem cells experimentally manipulated by in vitro culture conditions. In this study the effect of culture on imprinted H19 expression and methylation was determined. After culture of 2-cell embryos to the blastocyst stage in Whitten's medium, the normally silent paternal H19 allele was aberrantly expressed, whereas little paternal expression was observed following culture in KSOM containing amino acids (KSOM+AA). Analysis of the methylation status of a CpG dinucleotide located in the upstream imprinting control region revealed a loss in methylation in embryos cultured in Whitten's medium but not in embryos cultured in KSOM+AA. Thus, H19 expression and methylation were adversely affected by culture in Whitten's medium, while the response of H19 to culture in KSOM+AA approximated more closely the in vivo situation. It is unlikely that biallelic expression of H19 following culture in Whitten's medium is a generalized effect of lower methylation levels, since the amount of DNA methyltransferase activity and the spatial distribution of Dnmt1 protein were similar in in vivo-derived and cultured embryos. Moreover, imprinted expression of Snrpn was maintained following culture in either medium, indicating that not all imprinted genes are under the same stringent imprinting controls. The finding that culture conditions can dramatically, but selectively, affect the expression of imprinted genes provides a model system for further study of the linkage between DNA methylation and gene expression.
1 This research was supported by grants from the NIH (HD 22681 to R.M.S. and GM 51279 to M.S.B.). K.D.T. was supported by U.S. Public Service training grant GM07229. M.R.W.M. was supported by a grant from the Lalor Foundation. M.S.B. is an assistant investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
2 Correspondence: Richard Schultz, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018. FAX: 215 898 8780; rschultz{at}sas.upenn.edu
3 Current address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, The Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, MA 02138.
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